To understand a lecture or talk, you need to understand the connections or links in the text.
There are four main types of links used in academic texts: reference, ellipsis and substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976).
Listen to the texts and identify the examples of reference.
Listen to the texts and identify the examples of substitution and ellipsis.
Substitution is the replacement of one item by another
Ellipsis is the omission of the item.
Listen to the texts and identify the examples of conjunction.
Listen to the texts and identify the examples of lexical cohesion